At a glance
| Chemical family | Aldehyde (C₂) |
| CAS number | 75-07-0 |
| Classification | IARC Group 2B for general exposure; IARC Group 1 when associated with alcohol consumption; California Proposition 65 listed as a carcinogen; EPA Hazardous Air Pollutant |
| Where you encounter it | Polyurethane foam off-gassing, foam autoxidation products, alcohol metabolism, fruit ripening, cooking, vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, cosmetics with ethanol |
| Sleep micro environment relevance | Continuously emitted from foam mattress materials with emission rates that increase rather than decrease with foam age; also emitted from the sleeper's body during alcohol metabolism |
| Activated carbon capture | High — activated carbon and modified ACFC effectively capture acetaldehyde at sleep-environment concentrations and temperatures |
Regulatory & certification status
Where Acetaldehyde stands across the major regulatory systems and the certifications a bedroom product might carry. Each row links to the governing instrument; where a jurisdiction has no specific measure, that is stated plainly rather than left blank.
| European Union | Acetaldehyde has a harmonised CLP classification in Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 under index number 605-003-00-6: Flam. Liq. 1 (H224), Carc. 1B (H350), Muta. 2 (H341), Eye Irrit. 2 (H319) and STOT SE 3 (H335). The Carc. 1B carcinogenicity entry was set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1480 (the 13th adaptation to technical and scientific progress, ATP); under Article 3 of that regulation the relevant revised entries applied from 1 May 2020, with earlier voluntary application permitted (the regulation entered into force in 2018 but did not apply on 1 December 2018). Acetaldehyde is registered under REACH; based on the ECHA Candidate List it is not identified as a Substance of Very High Concern, and it does not appear on the Authorisation List (Annex XIV) or the restriction list (Annex XVII), and it is not an EU POP. (A harmonised Carc. 1B classification does not by itself place a substance on the SVHC Candidate List.) Regulatory — UK legislation |
| United States | Under TSCA, EPA finalised the designation of acetaldehyde (CASRN 75-07-0) as a High-Priority Substance and initiated a risk evaluation on 18 December 2024 (the substance had been drawn from the 2014 TSCA Work Plan and entered prioritization in December 2023); that risk evaluation is ongoing and no TSCA risk-management rule has yet been issued. Acetaldehyde is also listed under California Proposition 65 as a carcinogen (listed 1 April 1988); OEHHA gives it a No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) of 90 µg/day for the inhalation route. Regulatory — US EPA · Federal Register |
| Canada | Acetaldehyde is on the CEPA List of Toxic Substances (now Part 2 of Schedule 1 of CEPA 1999), appearing as item 43, 'Acetaldehyde, which has the molecular formula C2H4O', in the federal substances registry — a final listing. Following its Priority Substances List assessment it was concluded to be 'toxic' under section 64 of CEPA 1999, on the basis of its environmental role (notably its photo-reactivity contributing to the photochemical formation of ground-level ozone), and it was added to the List of Toxic Substances. Regulatory — Government of Canada |
| Australia | Acetaldehyde is a long-established industrial chemical listed on the Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals, so its introduction falls under AICIS. A specific AICIS evaluation outcome or an Industrial Chemicals Environmental Management Standard (IChEMS) Register schedule for acetaldehyde could not be confirmed against a primary AICIS/DCCEEW record. Regulatory — AICIS · DCCEEW |
| United Kingdom | Under GB CLP, acetaldehyde carries the mandatory classification retained from the EU Annex VI harmonised entry as it stood at the end of the Brexit transition period (held on the GB Mandatory Classification and Labelling (GB MCL) list): Flam. Liq. 1 (H224), Carc. 1B (H350) and Muta. 2 (H341). The classification itself is verified against the EU harmonised entry; however, a primary GB MCL record naming acetaldehyde was not independently retrieved (the HSE overview page resolves to a redirect stub), and its UK REACH SVHC Candidate List status was not independently confirmed against a primary HSE source. Regulatory — HSE · UK legislation |
| International | IARC classifies acetaldehyde as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans (Monographs Vol. 71, 1999: inadequate evidence in humans, sufficient evidence in experimental animals). Separately, 'acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages' is classified Group 1, carcinogenic to humans (Vol. 100E) — an ingestion/metabolic determination distinct from the industrial substance. No Stockholm (POPs) or Minamata Convention listing applies. Regulatory — IARC Monographs Vol. 71 · IARC |
| Certifications | GREENGUARD Gold is the most directly relevant program: its UL 2818 / CDPH Standard Method v1.2 protocol names acetaldehyde (CAS 75-07-0) as an individual target VOC with a maximum allowable predicted concentration of 70 µg/m³ — derived as one-half the OEHHA chronic reference exposure level (CREL) of 140 µg/m³ (per the table's footnote), not 140 µg/m³ itself. CertiPUR-US does not name acetaldehyde: its published Slabstock Technical Guidelines cap total VOC emissions and state that foams are screened for CMR-classified substances, but acetaldehyde is not individually listed or reported, so any 'capture' of acetaldehyde is inferred rather than stated by the program. OEKO-TEX Standard 100: no specific named acetaldehyde limit was confirmed against a primary OEKO-TEX criteria document; it addresses volatile/CMR substances generally. Industry — UL GREENGUARD · CDPH Standard Method v1.2 |
| The 72-hour test window | Well captured. Acetaldehyde is a small, highly volatile VOC (boiling point ~20 C) that readily off-gasses into chamber air, so a short ~72-hour emissions test of the type used by CertiPUR-US and GREENGUARD Gold reliably detects it. Inferred — from the compound's volatility/emission profile versus the VOC focus of short chamber tests |
What it is
Acetaldehyde is a colorless, flammable liquid at room temperature with a sharp, fruity odor — the smell of fermenting apples is largely acetaldehyde. Its low molecular weight and high vapor pressure mean it volatilizes rapidly at body temperature and partitions readily between air and condensed phases. The reactive carbonyl group makes it chemically active: it reacts with proteins to form adducts, with DNA bases to produce mutagenic lesions, and with other aldehydes to form longer-chain products.
In foam chemistry, acetaldehyde is both a residual impurity from manufacturing (residual catalyst breakdown products, incomplete polymerization byproducts) and a product of polymer aging. The 2024 Sandten et al. analytical method for distinguishing pre-existing volatiles from oxidatively-formed volatiles in polyurethane foam established that acetaldehyde appears in both pools, with the oxidative-formation pool dominating over the lifecycle. Peer-reviewed — Sandten et al. 2024, J Hazard Mater, PMC11644683 The 2026 Sandten et al. kinetic study extended this finding with quantitative temperature-dependent rate parameters and demonstrated that acetaldehyde emissions from polyurethane soft foam tripled during long-term aging at 65 °C — a temperature relevant to summer attic-stored foam, automotive seating, and elevated mattress conditions in warm climates. Peer-reviewed — Sandten et al. 2026, Polymers
Acetaldehyde is also generated endogenously. Ethanol metabolism produces acetaldehyde as the first step in the alcohol-to-acetate pathway, with the acetaldehyde concentration in exhaled breath measurable for hours after alcohol consumption. Asian flush reaction is caused by the ALDH2 enzyme variant that slows acetaldehyde clearance, producing the visible vasodilation response that affects approximately 36% of East Asians.
How it gets to the bedroom
From mattress foam — primary inventory
New polyurethane foam mattresses emit acetaldehyde from the manufacturing residual pool during the first weeks to months of service. The 2023 Hornyák-Mester et al. study of polyurethane flexible foam VOC emissions over 30 days documented declining primary acetaldehyde emissions over this period as the manufacturing residual was depleted. Peer-reviewed — Hornyák-Mester et al. 2023, Polymer Degradation and Stability
From mattress foam — ongoing autoxidation
The Hornyák-Mester finding includes a crucial second-phase observation: as primary residual acetaldehyde declined, secondary oxidative acetaldehyde began appearing in the emission profile. The 2026 Sandten kinetic study quantified this secondary phase across foam formulations with different polyol-isocyanate ratios and found acetaldehyde emissions tripled during long-term aging. Peer-reviewed The implication: there is no "off-gassing endpoint" for a polyurethane mattress in service. The chemistry shifts from primary depletion to secondary formation, with the secondary pool extending over the entire foam lifetime.
From your own body — alcohol metabolism
Acetaldehyde concentration in exhaled breath is measurably elevated for several hours after alcohol consumption. The same acetaldehyde transfers into the breathing zone above the sleeper and into bedding via sweat. The 2024 Wang et al. characterization of body VOC emissions documented acetaldehyde as one of the human-emitted compounds with the highest emission rate variability between individuals and conditions. Peer-reviewed — Wang et al. 2024, Sci Total Environ
From the room itself
Acetaldehyde forms as a secondary product of indoor ozone chemistry. When ozone reacts with skin oils on the sleeper's body, with terpenes from cleaning products and fragrances, and with surface films on furniture, acetaldehyde appears in the resulting product mix. The 2022 Coffaro & Weisel critical review of squalene-ozone reactions identified acetaldehyde among the squalene ozonolysis product distribution. Peer-reviewed
From cooking and combustion
Cooking — particularly high-temperature cooking with oils — produces acetaldehyde. Cigarette smoke contains substantial acetaldehyde, and thirdhand smoke residues on bedding and surfaces continue to release acetaldehyde slowly. Vehicle exhaust entering through windows in homes near busy roads contributes to indoor acetaldehyde concentrations.
What the research says
Documented health effects
Acetaldehyde is classified by IARC as Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) for general exposure routes. The classification rises to Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) when exposure is associated with alcohol consumption — reflecting the substantial epidemiological evidence linking acetaldehyde generated from ethanol metabolism to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, breast, colorectal, and liver. Peer-reviewed
Inhalation of acetaldehyde at occupational concentrations causes nasal and respiratory irritation, and chronic exposure has been associated with nasal tumors in laboratory animals. Indoor air concentrations at ranges typical of residential mattresses are well below occupational exposure limits, but the cumulative chronic exposure over years of sleeping on the same mattress represents a documented gap in the risk assessment.
The 2024 Zheng et al. characterization of VOC emissions from daycare center activities and surfaces flagged acetaldehyde as one of the VOCs most consistently elevated above background during normal use periods, with mattress materials contributing measurably to the daycare-environment acetaldehyde load. Peer-reviewed — Zheng et al. 2024, Sci Total Environ
For people with alcohol sensitivities
The ALDH2 enzyme variant common in East Asian populations slows acetaldehyde clearance from the body and substantially increases cancer risk from alcohol consumption. For affected individuals, the cumulative acetaldehyde exposure budget should be considered across all sources, including the sleep environment. Reducing mattress-emitted acetaldehyde is a small contribution to a multi-source exposure pattern, but it is a contribution.
Open questions
The relative contribution of mattress-emitted acetaldehyde to total individual acetaldehyde body burden has not been partitioned in any published study. The Sandten 2026 kinetic data establishes that mattress emissions are non-trivial; the open question is the proportion of total exposure attributable to this single source. Speculation
What helps reduce exposure
Tier 1 — Most effective. Ventilation. Open windows for at least 15 minutes per day in the bedroom, ideally during periods when outdoor air quality is reasonable. Acetaldehyde concentrations in bedrooms tend to be 2–5× higher than outdoor concentrations in published surveys, meaning the ventilation gradient is favorable.
Tier 2 — Worth considering. Avoid alcohol consumption immediately before bed. The acetaldehyde produced from alcohol metabolism is a substantial contributor to the in-room concentration during sleep, separate from any mattress source. Mattress encasements that fully seal the foam from the breathing zone reduce direct foam-to-air emission, though they do not address the body-derived sources.
Tier 3 — Larger interventions. For households with affected populations (alcohol sensitivity, multiple chemical sensitivity, asthma), replacement of older polyurethane foam mattresses with lower-emission alternatives may be warranted. Natural latex, wool, and hybrid pocket-coil designs with cotton padding emit substantially less acetaldehyde than full polyurethane foam.
The Embr capture system addresses acetaldehyde well. The activated carbon fiber cloth in the capture layer adsorbs acetaldehyde effectively at sleep-environment temperatures and humidity ranges. The bidirectional architecture intercepts foam-emitted acetaldehyde traveling upward and body-emitted acetaldehyde (from alcohol metabolism or normal cellular respiration) traveling downward in the same media.
What does NOT help
Indoor plants do not measurably reduce acetaldehyde at residential exposure levels. The NASA Clean Air Study findings that plants remove indoor VOCs were measured at concentrations several orders of magnitude above realistic indoor levels, with chamber sizes that do not translate to real rooms. Houseplants are aesthetically pleasant; they are not effective acetaldehyde mitigation.
"Greenguard Gold" certification does not exclude acetaldehyde formation through autoxidation. Greenguard certification tests new product emissions, not lifecycle emissions. The Sandten 2026 finding that emissions triple during aging means a product can be certified at year zero and still emit substantially more acetaldehyde at year five. Certification programs do not currently account for this aging pathway.
Open research questions
- Real-world mattress acetaldehyde emission rates as a function of foam age have not been measured in field conditions outside controlled chamber studies. The 65 °C accelerated-aging conditions in Sandten 2026 extrapolate to real-world room-temperature aging through Arrhenius kinetics, but the field-validation studies are not yet published. Speculation
- The interaction between body-emitted acetaldehyde (from alcohol metabolism or endogenous production) and mattress-emitted acetaldehyde in the breathing zone has not been characterized for the dose-additivity question.
Citations
- International Agency for Research on Cancer. Acetaldehyde (Group 2B); Acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption (Group 1). IARC Monographs. Regulatory
- California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Proposition 65 listing — Acetaldehyde. Regulatory
- EPA. Hazardous Air Pollutant designation — Acetaldehyde. Regulatory
- Sandten C et al. (2024). The autoxidation of polyether-polyurethane open cell soft foam: An analytical aging method to reproducibly determine VOC emissions caused by thermo-oxidative degradation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. PMC11644683 Peer-reviewed
- Sandten C et al. (2026). A Kinetic Study of the Autoxidative Formation of VOCs, Including Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde and Acrolein from Polyurethane Soft Foams. Polymers. Peer-reviewed
- Hornyák-Mester E et al. (2023). Volatile Emissions of Flexible Polyurethane Foams as a Function of Time. Polymer Degradation and Stability. Peer-reviewed
- Zheng H et al. (2024). Species profile of volatile organic compounds emission and health risk assessment from typical indoor events in daycare centers. Science of the Total Environment. Peer-reviewed
- Coffaro B, Weisel CP (2022). Reactions and Products of Squalene and Ozone: A Review. Environmental Science & Technology. Peer-reviewed
- Wang N et al. (2022). Emission Rates of Volatile Organic Compounds from Humans. Environmental Science & Technology. Peer-reviewed
Frequently asked questions
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Does my mattress contain acetaldehyde?
If it contains polyurethane foam, yes. All polyurethane foam emits acetaldehyde at some level, both from manufacturing residuals and from ongoing oxidation. Latex and cotton mattress materials emit substantially less acetaldehyde. The new finding in Sandten 2026 is that the foam continues to produce acetaldehyde through autoxidation over its lifetime — emission rates can increase rather than decrease with foam age.
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Will airing out a new mattress for a few weeks solve the acetaldehyde problem?
Partially. Airing out reduces the manufacturing residual pool that produces the initial off-gassing odor and the peak-day-one emissions. It does not eliminate the autoxidation pool that continues throughout the foam's life. The "airing out solves it" advice was developed before the Sandten kinetic studies and reflects only the primary emission phase.
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Is acetaldehyde from a mattress dangerous?
At residential exposure levels, acetaldehyde from mattresses is below the occupational exposure limits and well below the levels that produce acute symptoms. The longer-term question — chronic exposure over years of sleep — is genuinely uncertain. IARC's Group 2B classification reflects a possible carcinogenic hazard at higher exposures. For people with alcohol-related ALDH2 deficiency or multiple chemical sensitivity, the lower threshold for noticeable effects makes mattress-emitted acetaldehyde more practically relevant.
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Does drinking alcohol before bed increase acetaldehyde in the room?
Yes, measurably. Acetaldehyde is the first metabolite of ethanol and is exhaled in breath for several hours after alcohol consumption. Sleeping in a closed bedroom after evening drinking creates measurably elevated bedroom acetaldehyde concentrations from the body alone, separate from any mattress source.
Related compounds
This page describes documented chemistry and exposure pathways. It does not provide medical advice.
Last reviewed May 16, 2026.