{ "_meta": { "name": "Embr Exposure Ledger", "version": "1.1", "built_at": "2026-07-14", "git_sha": "8e7f722dd2e714655a3b8879c947ab635bfbce63", "git_short": "8e7f722", "description": "A compound-keyed join of public-exposure datasets against the Embr Bedroom Chemistry Atlas and proprietary Verdict Layer. For each chemical: where it is detected in the environment (EPA drinking-water data), what body burden it carries (CDC biomonitoring), how it is regulated (California Prop 65), what reduces exposure (curated, evidence-tiered interventions), and — when loaded — what is modeled in ambient air (EPA AirToxScreen).", "active_spokes": [ "environment", "body", "regulatory", "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count_max": 5, "spokes": { "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule" }, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/" }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list" }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "source_url": null }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen" } }, "integrity": "Every value is copied from a public dataset joined via atlas_resolver; nothing is invented. A null spoke means no data for that compound in that dataset, stated honestly.", "citation": "Embr Exposure Ledger v1.1, embrsleep.com — reuse permitted with attribution and a link to embrsleep.com.", "counts": { "compounds_total": 124, "by_spoke_count": { "4": 4, "3": 8, "2": 42, "1": 70 }, "complete_records": 0 } }, "index": { "complete_records": [], "by_spoke_count": { "4": [ "arsenic", "dehp", "pfoa", "pfos" ], "3": [ "bbp", "benzene", "cadmium", "dbp", "formaldehyde", "lead", "pfhxs", "pfna" ], "2": [ "1-3-butadiene", "1-4-dichlorobenzene", "1-4-dioxane", "acetaldehyde", "acrylamide", "aniline", "benzidine", "benzo-a-pyrene", "bis-chloromethyl-ether", "bpa", "bps", "carbon-monoxide", "carbon-tetrachloride", "chlordane", "chloroform", "chromium-6", "dep", "dinp", "ethylbenzene", "ethylene-oxide", "genx", "heptachlor", "hexachlorobenzene", "hexachlorobutadiene", "mercury", "methylene-chloride", "naphthalene", "ndma", "nickel", "o-toluidine", "pentachlorophenol", "perchloroethylene", "pfba", "pfhxa", "pfpea", "propylene-oxide", "tdcpp", "tdi", "toluene", "toxaphene", "trichloroethylene", "vinyl-chloride" ], "1": [ "1-ohp", "11cl-pf3ouds", "2-methoxyethanol", "4-aminobiphenyl", "5-fu", "6-2-fts", "8-2-ftoh", "8-2-fts", "9cl-pf3ons", "adona", "aldrin", "anthracene", "antimony-trioxide", "asbestos", "atrazine", "benz-a-anthracene", "bha", "bpf", "carbaryl", "carbon-black", "carboplatin", "chloromethane", "chlorpyrifos", "chromium", "chrysene", "cisplatin", "cobalt", "copper", "cyclophosphamide", "ddt", "dibenz-ah-anthracene", "dieldrin", "dimethylformamide", "dioxins-furans", "disperse-blue-1", "endrin", "etoposide", "fluoride", "glyphosate", "ifosfamide", "indeno-123-cd-pyrene", "lithium", "mda", "mehp", "mercaptobenzothiazole", "methylparaben", "microcystin", "mirex", "n-hexane", "ndela", "nicotine", "nitrate", "nitrogen-dioxide", "nnk", "nnn", "oxybenzone", "pbdes", "pfbs", "pfda", "pfhpa", "pm25", "propoxur", "propylparaben", "styrene", "tbbpa", "tcep", "tcpp", "triclosan", "trihalomethanes", "uranium" ] } }, "compounds": { "arsenic": { "slug": "arsenic", "name": "Arsenic", "cas": "7440-38-2", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/arsenic", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Depends on your source", "why": "Arsenic occurs naturally in groundwater and is a genuine, well-documented health risk at elevated levels — but public systems test and treat for it. The people actually exposed are usually on private wells in certain geologies.", "matters": "on a private well? Test for arsenic — nobody does it for you. On city water, it's already monitored.", "tiers": [ "peer-reviewed", "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 5.96, "p95": 44.6, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.137709, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count": 4 }, "dehp": { "slug": "dehp", "name": "Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate", "cas": "117-81-7", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dehp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Watch the waterproof covers", "why": "Phthalates like DEHP soften the vinyl in some waterproof mattress and crib covers. They're endocrine-disrupting plasticizers that can migrate — the exposure that matters most is for infants and toddlers on vinyl-covered crib mattresses.", "matters": "for a crib, choose a polyethylene or food-grade waterproof cover over soft PVC. For adult mattresses it's a minor, cover-dependent concern.", "tiers": [ "peer-reviewed", "regulatory" ], "source": "bedroom" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 5.67, "p95": 28.3, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" }, { "action": "Mattress cover / dust-mite encasement", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Homes using a mattress cover had measurably lower DEHP in settled dust in a Canadian cohort.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Zhang et al. 2023, CHILD cohort (as cited on the DEHP page)", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/dehp" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.000189, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count": 4 }, "pfoa": { "slug": "pfoa", "name": "Perfluorooctanoic acid", "cas": "335-67-1", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfoa", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real, newly regulated", "why": "PFOA and PFOS show up in many US water systems — but levels vary enormously between utilities, and 2024 brought the first enforceable federal limits (4 ng/L). It's a real concern where present, not a universal emergency.", "matters": "check your utility's PFAS results in its annual report. If elevated, reverse osmosis or a certified activated-carbon filter is what actually removes them — most pitchers don't.", "tiers": [ "peer-reviewed", "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1288, "detection_pct": 12.52, "max_ugL": 0.235, "epa_mcl_ugL": 0.004, "systems_above_mcl": 1259, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "serum", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2017-2018", "geo_mean": 1.42, "p95": 3.77, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Brita Elite pitcher filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Removes ~78% of PFOA/PFOS in independent testing — modest, and ONLY the Elite (not Standard/Stream).", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" }, { "action": "Avoid stain-/water-proofed textiles and grease-proof packaging", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Cuts a real PFAS input route — treated carpets, upholstery, 'stain-resistant' fabrics and fast-food wrappers shed PFAS into dust and food.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "PFAS source-reduction rationale; see the PFAS pages", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/pfas-tap-water" }, { "action": "Standard carbon pitcher (Brita Standard/Stream, most “water filter” pitchers)", "effect": "none", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS. Built for taste/chlorine, not forever chemicals.", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing; manufacturer specs", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" }, { "action": "Boiling the water", "effect": "worsens", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS, nitrate, or algal toxins — and CONCENTRATES them as water evaporates.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA PFAS guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "body", "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 4 }, "pfos": { "slug": "pfos", "name": "Perfluorooctane sulfonate", "cas": "1763-23-1", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfos", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — regulated, and it lingers", "why": "PFOS turned up in about 13% of the water systems the EPA tested — second only to the short-chain acids — and it shares the strictest federal limit, 4 ng/L, set in 2024. It is IARC Group 2B and the PFAS with the deepest human health record.", "matters": "check your utility's PFAS results; if elevated, reverse osmosis or a PFAS-certified carbon filter is what actually removes it. In this dataset, 1,309 systems exceeded the limit.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "pfas-tap-water" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1336, "detection_pct": 12.98, "max_ugL": 0.49, "epa_mcl_ugL": 0.004, "systems_above_mcl": 1309, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "serum", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2017-2018", "geo_mean": 4.25, "p95": 14.6, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Blood or plasma donation (for elevated body burden)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "In a randomized trial of firefighters, plasma donation lowered serum PFOS by 2.9 ng/mL and PFHxS by 1.1 ng/mL over 12 months; blood donation, less. No change without it.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gasiorowski et al. 2022, JAMA Network Open", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.6257" }, { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Brita Elite pitcher filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Removes ~78% of PFOA/PFOS in independent testing — modest, and ONLY the Elite (not Standard/Stream).", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" }, { "action": "Avoid stain-/water-proofed textiles and grease-proof packaging", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Cuts a real PFAS input route — treated carpets, upholstery, 'stain-resistant' fabrics and fast-food wrappers shed PFAS into dust and food.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "PFAS source-reduction rationale; see the PFAS pages", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/pfas-tap-water" }, { "action": "Standard carbon pitcher (Brita Standard/Stream, most “water filter” pitchers)", "effect": "none", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS. Built for taste/chlorine, not forever chemicals.", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing; manufacturer specs", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" }, { "action": "Boiling the water", "effect": "worsens", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS, nitrate, or algal toxins — and CONCENTRATES them as water evaporates.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA PFAS guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "body", "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 4 }, "bbp": { "slug": "bbp", "name": "Benzyl butyl phthalate", "cas": "85-68-7", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bbp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Restricted, and mostly on its way out", "why": "Benzyl butyl phthalate is classified as a reproductive toxicant in the EU and is restricted under REACH, so it's being designed out of new products. It persists mainly in older vinyl and in the dust that vinyl sheds.", "matters": "Same lever as the other phthalates: control dust, and prefer non-PVC mattress protectors. Nothing here justifies replacing a mattress you already own.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 4.47, "p95": 44.8, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2005, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "benzene": { "slug": "benzene", "name": "Benzene", "cas": "71-43-2", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/benzene", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real — but it's your garage and your smoke", "why": "Benzene is a known cause of leukaemia (IARC Group 1) with no established safe level, so the compound itself is not in doubt. But in a bedroom the dominant sources are not the mattress — they're tobacco smoke and exhaust drifting in from an attached garage.", "matters": "Never idle a car in an attached garage, and don't smoke indoors. Fix the source and the bedroom number takes care of itself.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Known human carcinogen (IARC 1)", "persistence": "Volatile; moderate", "evidence": "Strong" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Ventilation + source control (air out new products)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Fresh-air exchange and airing out new foam/pressed-wood items lowers the VOC and formaldehyde concentration you breathe.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "VOC emission decays with ventilation and time; see the off-gassing article", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/articles/off-gassing" }, { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Activated-carbon air filter (gas-phase)", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Adsorbs some VOCs and formaldehyde, but saturates and must be replaced; not a permanent fix.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Adsorption behavior of gas-phase carbon media", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/formaldehyde" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 1.547746, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "cadmium": { "slug": "cadmium", "name": "Cadmium", "cas": "7440-43-9", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/cadmium", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Mostly a smoking story", "why": "Cadmium is a Group 1 carcinogen that accumulates in the kidneys over decades, and it shows up in the blood of the general population. But the single biggest determinant of your level is whether you smoke — smokers carry far more of it than non-smokers.", "matters": "If you smoke, this is one more reason to stop. If you don't, your exposure is dietary and low, and there is no bedroom action to take.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "blood", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 0.238, "p95": 1.22, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.02521, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "dbp": { "slug": "dbp", "name": "Dibutyl phthalate", "cas": "84-74-2", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dbp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real for the young — and largely restricted now", "why": "Dibutyl phthalate is a recognised reproductive toxicant, which is exactly why the EU and US restricted it in toys and childcare articles. The catch: those restrictions cover toys, not mattresses, so it can still appear in soft plastics near the bed.", "matters": "It lives in dust, and the body clears it in hours — so damp-dusting and vacuuming genuinely lower your load. Reducing soft PVC near the bed helps more than worrying.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 9.83, "p95": 45.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2005, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "formaldehyde": { "slug": "formaldehyde", "name": "Formaldehyde", "cas": "50-00-0", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/formaldehyde", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — and worst when it's new", "why": "A known human carcinogen (IARC Group 1) and the sharp smell in new pressed-wood furniture, some foams, and wrinkle-free bedding. The honest part: emissions are highest when a product is new and fall off over weeks — this is a curve, not a constant.", "matters": "Air out new furniture and mattresses before they enter the bedroom, and ventilate. Time and fresh air do most of the work; no filter beats not sleeping next to it while it's off-gassing hardest.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Known human carcinogen (IARC 1)", "persistence": "Not persistent (off-gasses, decays)", "evidence": "Strong" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Ventilation + source control (air out new products)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Fresh-air exchange and airing out new foam/pressed-wood items lowers the VOC and formaldehyde concentration you breathe.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "VOC emission decays with ventilation and time; see the off-gassing article", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/articles/off-gassing" }, { "action": "Activated-carbon air filter (gas-phase)", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Adsorbs some VOCs and formaldehyde, but saturates and must be replaced; not a permanent fix.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Adsorption behavior of gas-phase carbon media", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/formaldehyde" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 19.413817, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "lead": { "slug": "lead", "name": "Lead", "cas": "7439-92-1", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/lead", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — worth checking", "why": "Lead almost never comes from the water supply — it leaches from old pipes, solder, and brass fixtures on the way to your tap. There's no established safe level, and the risk is highest for infants and young children.", "matters": "if your home predates ~1986 or has a lead service line, run the cold tap ~30 seconds before drinking and use a filter certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for lead.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "blood", "units": "µg/dL", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 0.82, "p95": 2.75, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Flush the cold tap + NSF/ANSI 53 lead filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Running the cold tap ~30 seconds after it's sat, and using a lead-certified filter, cut lead from old pipes/solder.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA lead-in-drinking-water guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "pfhxs": { "slug": "pfhxs", "name": "Perfluorohexane sulfonate", "cas": "355-46-4", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfhxs", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — regulated as a mixture", "why": "Found in about 10% of systems. The EPA regulates it two ways — a 10 ng/L individual limit and as one of four PFAS in a combined 'Hazard Index' that caps their joint effect. It has one of the longest human half-lives of any PFAS.", "matters": "same fix as the others — reverse osmosis or certified filtration. 171 systems were over the individual limit here.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "pfas-tap-water" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1021, "detection_pct": 9.92, "max_ugL": 0.2502, "epa_mcl_ugL": 0.01, "systems_above_mcl": 171, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "serum", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2017-2018", "geo_mean": 1.08, "p95": 3.7, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Blood or plasma donation (for elevated body burden)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "In a randomized trial of firefighters, plasma donation lowered serum PFOS by 2.9 ng/mL and PFHxS by 1.1 ng/mL over 12 months; blood donation, less. No change without it.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gasiorowski et al. 2022, JAMA Network Open", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.6257" }, { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Standard carbon pitcher (Brita Standard/Stream, most “water filter” pitchers)", "effect": "none", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS. Built for taste/chlorine, not forever chemicals.", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing; manufacturer specs", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" }, { "action": "Boiling the water", "effect": "worsens", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS, nitrate, or algal toxins — and CONCENTRATES them as water evaporates.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA PFAS guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "body", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "pfna": { "slug": "pfna", "name": "Perfluorononanoic acid", "cas": "375-95-1", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfna", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real, but uncommon", "why": "PFNA is regulated (10 ng/L, plus the Hazard Index) but was detected in under 1% of systems — 21 exceeded the limit. Where it shows up it is a genuine concern; for most utilities it simply is not there.", "matters": "no action needed unless your utility reports it; if it does, treat it as you would the other PFAS.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "pfas-tap-water" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 83, "detection_pct": 0.81, "max_ugL": 0.0998, "epa_mcl_ugL": 0.01, "systems_above_mcl": 21, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "serum", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2017-2018", "geo_mean": 0.411, "p95": 1.4, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Standard carbon pitcher (Brita Standard/Stream, most “water filter” pitchers)", "effect": "none", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS. Built for taste/chlorine, not forever chemicals.", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing; manufacturer specs", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "body", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 3 }, "1-3-butadiene": { "slug": "1-3-butadiene", "name": "1,3-Butadiene", "cas": "106-99-0", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/1-3-butadiene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.611856, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "1-4-dichlorobenzene": { "slug": "1-4-dichlorobenzene", "name": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene", "cas": "106-46-7", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/1-4-dichlorobenzene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.001024, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "1-4-dioxane": { "slug": "1-4-dioxane", "name": "1,4-Dioxane", "cas": "123-91-1", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/1-4-dioxane", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.000222, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "acetaldehyde": { "slug": "acetaldehyde", "name": "Acetaldehyde", "cas": "75-07-0", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/acetaldehyde", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 1.838675, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "acrylamide": { "slug": "acrylamide", "name": "Acrylamide", "cas": "79-06-1", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/acrylamide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.00169, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "aniline": { "slug": "aniline", "name": "Aniline", "cas": "62-53-3", "family": "dye", "atlas_url": "/atlas/aniline", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 7.5e-05, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "benzidine": { "slug": "benzidine", "name": "Benzidine", "cas": "92-87-5", "family": "dye", "atlas_url": "/atlas/benzidine", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.014546, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "benzo-a-pyrene": { "slug": "benzo-a-pyrene", "name": "Benzo[a]pyrene", "cas": "50-32-8", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/benzo-a-pyrene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.07212, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "bis-chloromethyl-ether": { "slug": "bis-chloromethyl-ether", "name": "Bis(chloromethyl) ether", "cas": "542-88-1", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bis-chloromethyl-ether", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.000145, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "bpa": { "slug": "bpa", "name": "Bisphenol A", "cas": "80-05-7", "family": "bis", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bpa", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real — but it's a food story, not a bedroom one", "why": "BPA is an endocrine disruptor and it's measurable in the urine of nearly everyone tested, which sounds alarming until you ask where it comes from: overwhelmingly food packaging, receipts and can linings — not your bed.", "matters": "If you want to lower it, that's a kitchen job — cut canned food and don't microwave in plastic. It clears the body in hours, so reducing the input works quickly.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 1.1, "p95": 6.8, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2015, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "bps": { "slug": "bps", "name": "Bisphenol S", "cas": "80-09-1", "family": "bis", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bps", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "The \"BPA-free\" swap we know least about", "why": "BPS is what replaced BPA when BPA got bad press — and it's a close chemical cousin with similar hormone-disrupting signals in the lab, but a far thinner human evidence base. \"BPA-free\" on a label tells you what was taken out, not what was put in.", "matters": "Don't pay a premium for \"BPA-free\" and assume you've solved something. Reducing plastic contact with food beats swapping one bisphenol for its less-studied sibling.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 0.467, "p95": 4.1, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2023, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "carbon-monoxide": { "slug": "carbon-monoxide", "name": "Carbon monoxide", "cas": "630-08-0", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/carbon-monoxide", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — the one that can kill in a night", "why": "Every other compound in this Atlas is a long-term risk. This one is acute: colourless, odourless, and capable of killing a household while it sleeps. It comes from any fuel-burning appliance, a generator, or a car left running in an attached garage.", "matters": "A working CO alarm near the bedrooms is the entire fix, and it costs less than a takeaway. If you do one thing on this whole site, do this one.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Vent the kitchen / switch to induction", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Range-hood venting outdoors during cooking removes gas-combustion NO2; induction eliminates the source entirely.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Gas-combustion NO2 source; see the nitrogen-dioxide page", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/nitrogen-dioxide" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "carbon-tetrachloride": { "slug": "carbon-tetrachloride", "name": "Carbon tetrachloride", "cas": "56-23-5", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/carbon-tetrachloride", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 2.894646, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "chlordane": { "slug": "chlordane", "name": "Chlordane", "cas": "57-74-9", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chlordane", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 2e-06, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "chloroform": { "slug": "chloroform", "name": "Chloroform", "cas": "67-66-3", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chloroform", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "The same disinfection tradeoff", "why": "Chloroform is the main trihalomethane, and it exists because your water is disinfected. That's the tension: the chlorination that creates it is also what stopped waterborne disease from killing people. It's regulated, and most systems sit within limits.", "matters": "A carbon filter removes it from drinking water if you want. Do not respond by avoiding disinfected water — the cure would be far worse than the trade.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "chromium-6": { "slug": "chromium-6", "name": "Hexavalent chromium (chromium-6)", "cas": "18540-29-9", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chromium-6", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Real — patchily regulated", "why": "Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen — and not the same as the chromium-3 in supplements. The federal limit only covers total chromium; there's no national chromium-6-specific standard. California set the first one in 2024 (10 µg/L), a value its own health goal puts 500× lower.", "matters": "read your utility's chromium number. On a well near industry or chromium-bearing rock, test for hexavalent chromium specifically. Reverse osmosis or anion exchange removes it.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.115661, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "remediation", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "dep": { "slug": "dep", "name": "Diethyl phthalate", "cas": "84-66-2", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dep", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 33.6, "p95": 433.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "dinp": { "slug": "dinp", "name": "Diisononyl phthalate", "cas": "28553-12-0", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dinp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "The DEHP replacement — and newly classified", "why": "DiNP is what largely replaced DEHP in soft plastics, and it was long treated as the safer option. In July 2026 IARC classified it Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic), which is a real update to that story — though it remains less potent as an endocrine disruptor than the DEHP it replaced.", "matters": "Another reason not to assume a replacement is automatically safe. Dust control is still the lever; the panic move — throwing out the mattress — is not supported.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2013, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" }, { "action": "Mattress cover / dust-mite encasement", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Homes using a mattress cover had measurably lower DEHP in settled dust in a Canadian cohort.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Zhang et al. 2023, CHILD cohort (as cited on the DEHP page)", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/dehp" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "ethylbenzene": { "slug": "ethylbenzene", "name": "Ethylbenzene", "cas": "100-41-4", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ethylbenzene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2004, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.224273, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "ethylene-oxide": { "slug": "ethylene-oxide", "name": "Ethylene oxide", "cas": "75-21-8", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ethylene-oxide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.736078, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "genx": { "slug": "genx", "name": "GenX (HFPO-DA)", "cas": "13252-13-6", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/genx", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real, mostly regional", "why": "GenX was the 'safer' PFOA substitute that became its own crisis on North Carolina's Cape Fear River. It is now federally regulated at 10 ng/L. Detected in about 0.5% of systems nationally, but concentrated near its industrial source — a regional problem more than a national one. 16 systems were over the limit.", "matters": "mainly relevant downstream of fluoropolymer manufacturing; check your local Consumer Confidence Report if you are in an affected region.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "pfas-tap-water" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 47, "detection_pct": 0.46, "max_ugL": 0.14, "epa_mcl_ugL": 0.01, "systems_above_mcl": 16, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "heptachlor": { "slug": "heptachlor", "name": "Heptachlor", "cas": "76-44-8", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/heptachlor", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 1e-06, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "hexachlorobenzene": { "slug": "hexachlorobenzene", "name": "Hexachlorobenzene", "cas": "118-74-1", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/hexachlorobenzene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.000257, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "hexachlorobutadiene": { "slug": "hexachlorobutadiene", "name": "Hexachlorobutadiene", "cas": "87-68-3", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/hexachlorobutadiene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2011, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 2.4e-05, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "mercury": { "slug": "mercury", "name": "Mercury", "cas": "7439-97-6", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/mercury", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real — but it comes from fish", "why": "Methylmercury is a genuine neurotoxicant and it is measurable in most people's blood. The route, though, is diet — large predatory fish — not the sleep environment.", "matters": "It matters most in pregnancy and early childhood. Follow the fish advisories; there's nothing to do about mercury in your bedroom.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "blood", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 0.678, "p95": 4.25, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body", "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "methylene-chloride": { "slug": "methylene-chloride", "name": "Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)", "cas": "75-09-2", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/methylene-chloride", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.003229, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "naphthalene": { "slug": "naphthalene", "name": "Naphthalene", "cas": "91-20-3", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/naphthalene", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real if you still use mothballs", "why": "Naphthalene is a possible human carcinogen, and the concentrated bedroom source is mothballs and some deodorant blocks — where people deliberately put it in closets and drawers near where they sleep. Without those products, ambient exposure is low.", "matters": "Stop using mothballs and naphthalene deodoriser blocks in enclosed spaces — cedar or airtight storage does the same job. If you smell that distinctive mothball odour in a bedroom, ventilate and find the source.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2002, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 1.398952, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "ndma": { "slug": "ndma", "name": "N-Nitrosodimethylamine", "cas": "62-75-9", "family": "ths", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ndma", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.001186, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "nickel": { "slug": "nickel", "name": "Nickel", "cas": "7440-02-0", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nickel", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Only a problem if you're allergic to it", "why": "Nickel is the single most common metal contact allergen — but that's the whole story for most people. It's in mattress springs and hardware, but bound in steel it isn't a systemic or inhalation risk in the bedroom; the concern is skin contact for the roughly one in ten people who are nickel-sensitive.", "matters": "If you have a known nickel allergy, keep bare skin off exposed metal hardware and choose nickel-free fittings. If you don't, there's nothing here to act on.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.120231, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "o-toluidine": { "slug": "o-toluidine", "name": "o-Toluidine", "cas": "95-53-4", "family": "dye", "atlas_url": "/atlas/o-toluidine", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.000307, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "pentachlorophenol": { "slug": "pentachlorophenol", "name": "Pentachlorophenol", "cas": "87-86-5", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pentachlorophenol", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 1.2e-05, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "perchloroethylene": { "slug": "perchloroethylene", "name": "Perchloroethylene (PERC)", "cas": "127-18-4", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/perchloroethylene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.004038, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "pfba": { "slug": "pfba", "name": "Perfluorobutanoic acid", "cas": "375-22-4", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfba", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Short-chain, ubiquitous, unregulated", "why": "One of the most-detected PFAS in US water and among the shortest chains, which means it clears the human body far faster than PFOA — but it is also the hardest to filter out and carries no federal limit.", "matters": "Reverse osmosis or anion exchange if you're treating for PFAS. The short half-life is genuinely reassuring; the regulatory gap genuinely isn't.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Low intrinsic toxicity; short (~days) half-life", "persistence": "Extremely persistent", "evidence": "Moderate" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1893, "detection_pct": 18.4, "max_ugL": 1.7, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "pfhxa": { "slug": "pfhxa", "name": "Perfluorohexanoic acid", "cas": "307-24-4", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfhxa", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Short-chain, ubiquitous, unregulated", "why": "Another of the short-chain PFAS that replaced the long-chain ones — widely detected in tap water, outside every federal limit, and poorly captured by ordinary carbon filtration. Less bioaccumulative than PFOA, but extremely mobile and persistent in water.", "matters": "Same fix as the other short-chains: reverse osmosis or anion exchange, not a carbon pitcher. Its presence is a fact; its risk is still being established.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Low-to-moderate; short half-life", "persistence": "Extremely persistent", "evidence": "Moderate" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1778, "detection_pct": 17.28, "max_ugL": 0.26, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Avoid stain-/water-proofed textiles and grease-proof packaging", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Cuts a real PFAS input route — treated carpets, upholstery, 'stain-resistant' fabrics and fast-food wrappers shed PFAS into dust and food.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "PFAS source-reduction rationale; see the PFAS pages", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/pfas-tap-water" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "pfpea": { "slug": "pfpea", "name": "Perfluoropentanoic acid", "cas": "2706-90-3", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfpea", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Everywhere in your water — and nobody regulates it", "why": "PFPeA is the most-detected PFAS in US tap water — found in about one in five systems — and it carries no federal limit at all. It's also a short-chain, which means it slips straight through the carbon pitcher most people trust. The honest gap: its specific health evidence is thin, so the story is a regulatory hole, not a proven harm.", "matters": "If you filter for PFAS, use reverse osmosis or anion exchange — carbon lets this one through. Watchful, not alarmed.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Not classified; limited toxicology", "persistence": "Extremely persistent", "evidence": "Emerging" }, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 2032, "detection_pct": 19.75, "max_ugL": 0.358, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Avoid stain-/water-proofed textiles and grease-proof packaging", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Cuts a real PFAS input route — treated carpets, upholstery, 'stain-resistant' fabrics and fast-food wrappers shed PFAS into dust and food.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "PFAS source-reduction rationale; see the PFAS pages", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/pfas-tap-water" }, { "action": "Standard carbon pitcher (Brita Standard/Stream, most “water filter” pitchers)", "effect": "none", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS. Built for taste/chlorine, not forever chemicals.", "tier": "industry", "source": "Environmental Working Group filter testing; manufacturer specs", "source_url": "https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "propylene-oxide": { "slug": "propylene-oxide", "name": "Propylene oxide", "cas": "75-56-9", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/propylene-oxide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.001197, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "tdcpp": { "slug": "tdcpp", "name": "TDCPP (chlorinated tris)", "cas": "13674-87-8", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/tdcpp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real — but mostly an older-mattress problem", "why": "For decades, foam was loaded with flame-retardant chemicals — chlorinated tris (TDCPP) and the now-banned PBDEs — that migrate into house dust. Since California's 2015 rule change, new US mattresses largely comply without them, and a 2018 law bans them outright in mattresses.", "matters": "the concern is concentrated in older foam — pre-2015 mattresses and hand-me-downs. For a new mattress, verify flame-retardant-free on the label.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "bedroom" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2011, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" }, { "action": "Mattress cover / dust-mite encasement", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Homes using a mattress cover had measurably lower DEHP in settled dust in a Canadian cohort.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Zhang et al. 2023, CHILD cohort (as cited on the DEHP page)", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/dehp" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "tdi": { "slug": "tdi", "name": "Toluene diisocyanate", "cas": "584-84-9", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/tdi", "verdict": { "verdict": "mild", "label": "Mostly a factory concern, not a bedroom one", "why": "Isocyanates are the reactive chemicals used to make polyurethane foam. They're a genuine occupational hazard in the factory — but they react during manufacturing, so residual levels in a finished, aired-out mattress are very low.", "matters": "not a meaningful day-to-day exposure for a sleeper on a cured mattress. Airing out a new one is enough; this is a worker-safety issue, not a bedroom one.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "inferred" ], "source": "bedroom" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.001092, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "toluene": { "slug": "toluene", "name": "Toluene", "cas": "108-88-3", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/toluene", "verdict": { "verdict": "mild", "label": "Mostly the new-product smell, and it fades", "why": "Toluene is a real developmental toxicant at the doses seen in industrial solvent abuse and factory work — that's why it's on Prop 65. At the concentrations that come off a new mattress or foam product in a ventilated bedroom, it is a fraction of that, and it decays over days.", "matters": "Air out new foam products before sleeping on them and ventilate the room. Beyond that, this is not the compound to spend your worry on.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "inferred" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1991, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Ventilation + source control (air out new products)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Fresh-air exchange and airing out new foam/pressed-wood items lowers the VOC and formaldehyde concentration you breathe.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "VOC emission decays with ventilation and time; see the off-gassing article", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/articles/off-gassing" }, { "action": "Activated-carbon air filter (gas-phase)", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Adsorbs some VOCs and formaldehyde, but saturates and must be replaced; not a permanent fix.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Adsorption behavior of gas-phase carbon media", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/formaldehyde" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "toxaphene": { "slug": "toxaphene", "name": "Toxaphene", "cas": "8001-35-2", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/toxaphene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 2e-06, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "trichloroethylene": { "slug": "trichloroethylene", "name": "Trichloroethylene (TCE)", "cas": "79-01-6", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/trichloroethylene", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real near contaminated sites — not from your bed", "why": "TCE is a known carcinogen, and where it reaches homes it's usually through vapour intrusion: contaminated groundwater under old industrial or dry-cleaning sites off-gassing up into the building. It is not a mattress or normal-household emission.", "matters": "If you live near a known contaminated site or on a vapour-intrusion watch list, that's a job for testing and, if needed, a sub-slab mitigation system — the same technology as radon. For most homes, this isn't a bedroom exposure.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Known human carcinogen (IARC 1)", "persistence": "Persistent in groundwater", "evidence": "Strong" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.014123, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "vinyl-chloride": { "slug": "vinyl-chloride", "name": "Vinyl chloride", "cas": "75-01-4", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/vinyl-chloride", "verdict": { "verdict": "mild", "label": "A factory and water risk, not a bedroom one", "why": "Vinyl chloride is a known liver carcinogen — but the exposure that matters is occupational (PVC manufacturing) and, rarely, contaminated drinking water. Finished PVC products in the home don't off-gas meaningful vinyl chloride; the monomer is consumed in making the plastic.", "matters": "For a normal household this isn't a bedroom exposure to manage. It's on the Atlas for completeness and because it drives the safety case for how PVC is made — not because your vinyl mattress cover is emitting it.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json", "hazard": "Known human carcinogen (IARC 1)", "persistence": "Volatile; moderate", "evidence": "Strong" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": { "dataset": "EPA AirToxScreen (2020) — modeled ambient air-toxics concentrations and risk", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/AirToxScreen", "conc_ugm3": null, "cancer_risk_permillion": 0.003438, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population-weighted national ambient concentration and cancer-risk estimate.", "reporting_period": "EPA AirToxScreen (latest release)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "spokes": [ "regulatory", "air" ], "spoke_count": 2 }, "1-ohp": { "slug": "1-ohp", "name": "1-Hydroxypyrene", "cas": "5315-79-7", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/1-ohp", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "ng/L", "cycle": "2013-2014", "geo_mean": 132.0, "p95": 650.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "11cl-pf3ouds": { "slug": "11cl-pf3ouds", "name": "8:2 Cl-PFESA (F-53B, minor)", "cas": "763051-92-9", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/11cl-pf3ouds", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 0, "detection_pct": 0.0, "max_ugL": null, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "2-methoxyethanol": { "slug": "2-methoxyethanol", "name": "2-Methoxyethanol", "cas": "109-86-4", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/2-methoxyethanol", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "4-aminobiphenyl": { "slug": "4-aminobiphenyl", "name": "4-Aminobiphenyl", "cas": "92-67-1", "family": "dye", "atlas_url": "/atlas/4-aminobiphenyl", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "5-fu": { "slug": "5-fu", "name": "5-Fluorouracil", "cas": "51-21-8", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/5-fu", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1989, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "6-2-fts": { "slug": "6-2-fts", "name": "6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate", "cas": "27619-97-2", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/6-2-fts", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 182, "detection_pct": 1.77, "max_ugL": 0.672, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "8-2-ftoh": { "slug": "8-2-ftoh", "name": "8:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol", "cas": "678-39-7", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/8-2-ftoh", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Avoid stain-/water-proofed textiles and grease-proof packaging", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Cuts a real PFAS input route — treated carpets, upholstery, 'stain-resistant' fabrics and fast-food wrappers shed PFAS into dust and food.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "PFAS source-reduction rationale; see the PFAS pages", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/pfas-tap-water" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "8-2-fts": { "slug": "8-2-fts", "name": "8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid", "cas": "39108-34-4", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/8-2-fts", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 10, "detection_pct": 0.1, "max_ugL": 0.0419, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "9cl-pf3ons": { "slug": "9cl-pf3ons", "name": "6:2 Cl-PFESA (F-53B, major)", "cas": "756426-58-1", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/9cl-pf3ons", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1, "detection_pct": 0.01, "max_ugL": 0.0034, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "adona": { "slug": "adona", "name": "4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (ADONA)", "cas": "919005-14-4", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/adona", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 3, "detection_pct": 0.03, "max_ugL": 0.0081, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "aldrin": { "slug": "aldrin", "name": "Aldrin", "cas": "309-00-2", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/aldrin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "anthracene": { "slug": "anthracene", "name": "Anthracene", "cas": "120-12-7", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/anthracene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2023, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "antimony-trioxide": { "slug": "antimony-trioxide", "name": "Antimony trioxide", "cas": "1309-64-4", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/antimony-trioxide", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "A real flame-retardant synergist", "why": "Antimony trioxide is used as a flame-retardant synergist and a polyester catalyst residue. It's classified IARC Group 2A (2022) and California banned it from mattress foam — a real, if lower-profile, exposure that sheds into dust.", "matters": "largely handled by the same shift to newer, better-regulated mattresses; a natural-fiber barrier and OEKO-TEX-certified textiles sidestep it.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "bedroom" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "asbestos": { "slug": "asbestos", "name": "Asbestos (chrysotile/amphibole)", "cas": "1332-21-4", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/asbestos", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "atrazine": { "slug": "atrazine", "name": "Atrazine", "cas": "1912-24-9", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/atrazine", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2016, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "benz-a-anthracene": { "slug": "benz-a-anthracene", "name": "Benz[a]anthracene", "cas": "56-55-3", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/benz-a-anthracene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "bha": { "slug": "bha", "name": "Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)", "cas": "25013-16-5", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bha", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "bpf": { "slug": "bpf", "name": "Bisphenol F", "cas": "620-92-8", "family": "bis", "atlas_url": "/atlas/bpf", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": null, "p95": 8.2, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "carbaryl": { "slug": "carbaryl", "name": "Carbaryl (Sevin)", "cas": "63-25-2", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/carbaryl", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2009, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "carbon-black": { "slug": "carbon-black", "name": "Carbon black", "cas": "1333-86-4", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/carbon-black", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2003, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "carboplatin": { "slug": "carboplatin", "name": "Carboplatin", "cas": "41575-94-4", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/carboplatin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "chloromethane": { "slug": "chloromethane", "name": "Chloromethane (methyl chloride)", "cas": "74-87-3", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chloromethane", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2000, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "chlorpyrifos": { "slug": "chlorpyrifos", "name": "Chlorpyrifos", "cas": "2921-88-2", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chlorpyrifos", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "chromium": { "slug": "chromium", "name": "Chromium", "cas": "7440-47-3", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chromium", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "chrysene": { "slug": "chrysene", "name": "Chrysene", "cas": "218-01-9", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/chrysene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "cisplatin": { "slug": "cisplatin", "name": "Cisplatin", "cas": "15663-27-1", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/cisplatin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "cobalt": { "slug": "cobalt", "name": "Cobalt", "cas": "7440-48-4", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/cobalt", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1992, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "copper": { "slug": "copper", "name": "Copper", "cas": "7440-50-8", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/copper", "verdict": { "verdict": "mild", "label": "Mostly plumbing-dependent", "why": "Copper leaches from copper pipes, usually at harmless levels. It becomes worth attention mainly with corrosive water, brand-new plumbing, or for infants on reconstituted formula.", "matters": "run the tap in the morning before use; if you have corrosive or well water and an infant, test it. Otherwise, low priority.", "tiers": [ "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Flush the cold tap + NSF/ANSI 53 lead filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Running the cold tap ~30 seconds after it's sat, and using a lead-certified filter, cut lead from old pipes/solder.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA lead-in-drinking-water guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "cyclophosphamide": { "slug": "cyclophosphamide", "name": "Cyclophosphamide", "cas": "50-18-0", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/cyclophosphamide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "ddt": { "slug": "ddt", "name": "DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)", "cas": "50-29-3", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ddt", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1987, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "dibenz-ah-anthracene": { "slug": "dibenz-ah-anthracene", "name": "Dibenz[a,h]anthracene", "cas": "53-70-3", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dibenz-ah-anthracene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "dieldrin": { "slug": "dieldrin", "name": "Dieldrin", "cas": "60-57-1", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dieldrin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "dimethylformamide": { "slug": "dimethylformamide", "name": "Dimethylformamide (DMF)", "cas": "68-12-2", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dimethylformamide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "dioxins-furans": { "slug": "dioxins-furans", "name": "Dioxins & furans (2,3,7,8-TCDD)", "cas": "1746-01-6", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/dioxins-furans", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "disperse-blue-1": { "slug": "disperse-blue-1", "name": "Disperse Blue 1", "cas": "2475-45-8", "family": "dye", "atlas_url": "/atlas/disperse-blue-1", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "endrin": { "slug": "endrin", "name": "Endrin", "cas": "72-20-8", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/endrin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1998, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "etoposide": { "slug": "etoposide", "name": "Etoposide", "cas": "33419-42-0", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/etoposide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer", "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "fluoride": { "slug": "fluoride", "name": "Fluoride", "cas": "16984-48-8", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/fluoride", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "glyphosate": { "slug": "glyphosate", "name": "Glyphosate", "cas": "1071-83-6", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/glyphosate", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Genuinely contested — the experts disagree", "why": "This is one of the few where the science itself is split: IARC called glyphosate a probable human carcinogen in 2015, while the EPA and EFSA concluded it's unlikely to be carcinogenic at real-world exposures. That's not spin — it's a real disagreement about how to weigh the evidence, and honest people land in different places.", "matters": "Exposure is via food and water, not the bedroom. If you want to reduce it, washing produce and choosing organic for the highest-residue crops helps at the margin. We report the disagreement rather than pretend it's settled.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "ifosfamide": { "slug": "ifosfamide", "name": "Ifosfamide", "cas": "3778-73-2", "family": "chemo", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ifosfamide", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "indeno-123-cd-pyrene": { "slug": "indeno-123-cd-pyrene", "name": "Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene", "cas": "193-39-5", "family": "pah", "atlas_url": "/atlas/indeno-123-cd-pyrene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "lithium": { "slug": "lithium", "name": "Lithium", "cas": "7439-93-2", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/lithium", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10299, "systems_with_detection": 3753, "detection_pct": 36.44, "max_ugL": 960.0, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "mda": { "slug": "mda", "name": "4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA)", "cas": "101-77-9", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/mda", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "mehp": { "slug": "mehp", "name": "Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate", "cas": "4376-20-9", "family": "phth", "atlas_url": "/atlas/mehp", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": null, "p95": 6.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "mercaptobenzothiazole": { "slug": "mercaptobenzothiazole", "name": "2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT)", "cas": "149-30-4", "family": "acryl", "atlas_url": "/atlas/mercaptobenzothiazole", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "methylparaben": { "slug": "methylparaben", "name": "Methylparaben", "cas": "99-76-3", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/methylparaben", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 31.8, "p95": 722.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "microcystin": { "slug": "microcystin", "name": "Microcystin", "cas": "101043-37-2", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/microcystin", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Boiling the water", "effect": "worsens", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS, nitrate, or algal toxins — and CONCENTRATES them as water evaporates.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA PFAS guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "mirex": { "slug": "mirex", "name": "Mirex (dodecachloropentacyclodecane)", "cas": "2385-85-5", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/mirex", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "n-hexane": { "slug": "n-hexane", "name": "n-Hexane", "cas": "110-54-3", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/n-hexane", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "ndela": { "slug": "ndela", "name": "N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA)", "cas": "1116-54-7", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/ndela", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "nicotine": { "slug": "nicotine", "name": "Nicotine", "cas": "54-11-5", "family": "ths", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nicotine", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "reproductive" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "nitrate": { "slug": "nitrate", "name": "Nitrate", "cas": "14797-55-8", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nitrate", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real for wells & infants", "why": "Nitrate leaches into groundwater from fertilizer and septic systems, so it's mainly a private-well issue. It causes \"blue-baby syndrome\" in infants — and newer evidence links colorectal cancer to levels below the legal limit. It's colorless and tasteless.", "matters": "on a well, test for nitrate — and again before mixing infant formula. Never boil to fix it; boiling concentrates nitrate. Reverse osmosis removes it; carbon filters don't.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Anion-exchange resin filter", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes both long- AND short-chain PFAS better than carbon; also targets nitrate and chromium-6.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" }, { "action": "Boiling the water", "effect": "worsens", "efficacy": "Does NOT remove PFAS, nitrate, or algal toxins — and CONCENTRATES them as water evaporates.", "tier": "regulatory", "source": "US EPA PFAS guidance", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "nitrogen-dioxide": { "slug": "nitrogen-dioxide", "name": "Nitrogen dioxide", "cas": "10102-44-0", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nitrogen-dioxide", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real if you cook with gas", "why": "Nitrogen dioxide is a respiratory irritant linked to childhood asthma, and the dominant indoor source is a gas stove — every gas burner puts it straight into the air, which then spreads through the home to the bedrooms. On an electric or induction kitchen, it's a non-issue.", "matters": "Vent the kitchen outside every time you cook on gas, and run the range hood. Induction removes the source entirely. This is a kitchen fix that shows up in the bedroom air.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Vent the kitchen / switch to induction", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Range-hood venting outdoors during cooking removes gas-combustion NO2; induction eliminates the source entirely.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Gas-combustion NO2 source; see the nitrogen-dioxide page", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/nitrogen-dioxide" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "nnk": { "slug": "nnk", "name": "Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone", "cas": "64091-91-4", "family": "ths", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nnk", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1990, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "nnn": { "slug": "nnn", "name": "N-Nitrosonornicotine", "cas": "16543-55-8", "family": "ths", "atlas_url": "/atlas/nnn", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1988, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "oxybenzone": { "slug": "oxybenzone", "name": "Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3)", "cas": "131-57-7", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/oxybenzone", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "Contested — but don't stop wearing sunscreen over it", "why": "Oxybenzone is a chemical UV filter that absorbs through skin and has raised hormone-disruption and coral-reef concerns, which is why several places have restricted it. But regulators still consider it safe as used, and the proven harm of skipping sun protection is far larger and better established than the theoretical harm of this ingredient.", "matters": "If you'd rather avoid it, switch to a mineral (zinc/titanium) sunscreen — but keep using sunscreen. Don't let a contested ingredient talk you out of the thing that prevents skin cancer.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 19.3, "p95": 930.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "pbdes": { "slug": "pbdes", "name": "Polybrominated diphenyl ethers", "cas": "209 congeners", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pbdes", "verdict": { "verdict": "real", "label": "Real — but mostly an older-mattress problem", "why": "PBDEs are legacy flame retardants that were phased out and added to the Stockholm Convention because they're persistent, build up in the body, and disrupt thyroid and development. The catch: they're in older foam and the dust it sheds — a new mattress almost certainly doesn't contain them.", "matters": "If your mattress or upholstered furniture predates ~2015, control the dust (damp-dust and HEPA-vacuum) — that's where the exposure is. No need to panic-replace; the dust is the removable part.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "pfbs": { "slug": "pfbs", "name": "Perfluorobutane sulfonate", "cas": "375-73-5", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfbs", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 1674, "detection_pct": 16.27, "max_ugL": 0.29, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "pfda": { "slug": "pfda", "name": "Perfluorodecanoic acid", "cas": "335-76-2", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfda", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 15, "detection_pct": 0.15, "max_ugL": 0.0124, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "pfhpa": { "slug": "pfhpa", "name": "Perfluoroheptanoic acid", "cas": "375-85-9", "family": "pfas", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pfhpa", "verdict": null, "environment": { "dataset": "EPA UCMR 5 — Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule, 5th cycle", "source_url": "https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule", "systems_sampled": 10289, "systems_with_detection": 553, "detection_pct": 5.37, "max_ugL": 0.0727, "epa_mcl_ugL": null, "systems_above_mcl": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Highest single finished-water result across all sampled public water systems, by analyte.", "reporting_period": "2023–2025 (EPA UCMR 5)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "environment" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "pm25": { "slug": "pm25", "name": "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)", "cas": "—", "family": "env", "atlas_url": "/atlas/pm25", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "Real — and the one a HEPA purifier genuinely fixes", "why": "Fine particles are the most health-costly air pollutant there is, linked to heart and lung disease. But in a bedroom the source isn't the mattress — it's cooking, candles, smoke, and wildfire haze drifting in. How much matters depends entirely on your local air and your habits.", "matters": "Unlike the gases, particles are exactly what a HEPA purifier removes — run one in the bedroom on smoky or high-pollution days. Vent cooking, skip the candles, and check your local air-quality index.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "HEPA air purifier (in the bedroom)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes fine airborne particles (PM2.5) effectively; does NOT remove gases like formaldehyde or VOCs.", "tier": "inferred", "source": "Established HEPA particle-capture performance; see the PM2.5 page", "source_url": "https://embrsleep.com/atlas/pm25" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "propoxur": { "slug": "propoxur", "name": "Propoxur (Baygon)", "cas": "114-26-1", "family": "pest", "atlas_url": "/atlas/propoxur", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2006, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "propylparaben": { "slug": "propylparaben", "name": "Propylparaben", "cas": "94-13-3", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/propylparaben", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 4.2, "p95": 176.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "styrene": { "slug": "styrene", "name": "Styrene", "cas": "100-42-5", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/styrene", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2016, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "tbbpa": { "slug": "tbbpa", "name": "Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)", "cas": "79-94-7", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/tbbpa", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 2017, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "tcep": { "slug": "tcep", "name": "Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)", "cas": "115-96-8", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/tcep", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": { "dataset": "California OEHHA Proposition 65 List (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986)", "source_url": "https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list", "list_version": "2025-12-05", "prop65_listed": true, "endpoints": [ "cancer" ], "date_listed": 1992, "provenance": { "statistic": "California Proposition 65 listing status.", "reporting_period": "the list as of the scored date", "scored_at": "2026-07-13", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "regulatory" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "tcpp": { "slug": "tcpp", "name": "Tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate", "cas": "13674-84-5", "family": "flame", "atlas_url": "/atlas/tcpp", "verdict": { "verdict": "depends", "label": "The flame retardant that replaced the banned one", "why": "TCPP is the chlorinated flame retardant now widely used in polyurethane foam after its cousin TDCPP (chlorinated tris) fell out of favour. It sheds from foam into house dust, and it's under active EU and EPA review — the honest position is that it's less studied than the compound it replaced, not proven safe.", "matters": "Same lever as the other foam additives: control dust, and choose foam that meets flammability standards without added halogenated retardants where you can. Don't discard a mattress you already own over it.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "inferred" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Damp-dusting + HEPA vacuuming (weekly)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "A randomized housing intervention including dust mitigation was associated with ~23% lower urinary DEHP metabolites in young children (95% CI −38 to −3).", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Fossa et al. 2024, Environment International", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108994" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "triclosan": { "slug": "triclosan", "name": "Triclosan", "cas": "3380-34-5", "family": "care", "atlas_url": "/atlas/triclosan", "verdict": { "verdict": "mild", "label": "Mostly already removed from products", "why": "Triclosan is an antibacterial that raised endocrine and antibiotic-resistance concerns — and largely because of them, the FDA banned it from consumer hand soaps in 2016 and manufacturers pulled it from most products. It's measurable in the body, but declining, and it was never a bedroom compound.", "matters": "Check labels on older antibacterial products and toothpaste if you want to avoid it, but this is a fading problem, not a rising one. Plain soap works as well as antibacterial for handwashing.", "tiers": [ "regulatory", "peer-reviewed" ], "source": "verdicts.json" }, "environment": null, "body": { "dataset": "CDC, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NHANES biomonitoring)", "source_url": "https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/", "matrix": "urine", "units": "µg/L", "cycle": "2015-2016", "geo_mean": 5.79, "p95": 348.0, "detection_pct": null, "provenance": { "statistic": "Population geometric mean and 95th-percentile serum concentration.", "reporting_period": "see each record's 'cycle' field (NHANES)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "regulatory": null, "remediation": null, "air": null, "spokes": [ "body" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "trihalomethanes": { "slug": "trihalomethanes", "name": "Trihalomethanes (TTHM)", "cas": "—", "family": "voc", "atlas_url": "/atlas/trihalomethanes", "verdict": { "verdict": "complicated", "label": "It's complicated — a real tradeoff", "why": "These form when chlorine disinfects your water — and here's the honest tension: the disinfection that creates them is also what keeps your water free of the pathogens that used to kill people. They're regulated, and for most people sit within limits.", "matters": "a carbon filter reduces them if you want — but do not fear-drop disinfection. The cure is worse than the tradeoff.", "tiers": [ "peer-reviewed", "regulatory" ], "source": "water" }, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Certified granular activated carbon (GAC) filter", "effect": "partial", "efficacy": "Good for long-chain PFAS (PFOA/PFOS) and for disinfection byproducts and VOCs — but short-chain PFAS break through quickly.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 }, "uranium": { "slug": "uranium", "name": "Uranium", "cas": "7440-61-1", "family": "metal", "atlas_url": "/atlas/uranium", "verdict": null, "environment": null, "body": null, "regulatory": null, "remediation": { "dataset": "Embr curated intervention data (data/interventions.json), joined to the Atlas", "interventions": [ { "action": "Reverse osmosis (point-of-use)", "effect": "reduces", "efficacy": "Removes ~90–99% of PFAS (long- and short-chain) plus most dissolved metals, nitrate and fluoride — the broadest single fix.", "tier": "peer-reviewed", "source": "Gagliano et al. 2019, Water Research; NSF/ANSI 58", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115381" } ], "provenance": { "statistic": "Curated, evidence-tiered interventions and reported efficacy.", "reporting_period": "curated (not time-series)", "scored_at": "2026-07-14", "frozen_copy": "data/snapshots// preserves the source data captured on that date" } }, "air": null, "spokes": [ "remediation" ], "spoke_count": 1 } } }