At a glance
| Chemical family | A naturally occurring mineral (silicon dioxide), chiefly the crystal form quartz; the hazard is the respirable dust fraction. Filed under building & environmental sources |
| CAS number | 14808-60-7 (quartz) |
| Classification | IARC Group 1 / NTP "known to be a human carcinogen" — lung cancer; also causes silicosis, COPD and kidney disease. OSHA PEL 50 µg/m³, action level 25 µg/m³ |
| Where you encounter it | Dust from cutting/grinding/drilling concrete, brick, mortar, tile, natural stone and engineered-quartz countertops; sandblasting; construction and renovation |
| Sleep micro-environment relevance | Renovation work in or near the bedroom can fill the air with respirable silica dust; the finished, undisturbed surface is inert |
| Activated carbon capture | Not applicable — silica is a particulate, not a gas; the answer is dust control (wet methods, ventilation, respirators) |
Regulatory & certification status
Where Crystalline Silica stands across the major regulatory systems and the certifications a bedroom product might carry. Each row links to the governing instrument; where a jurisdiction has no specific measure, that is stated plainly rather than left blank.
| European Union | Crystalline silica (quartz, CAS 14808-60-7) is NOT on the REACH SVHC Candidate List, the Authorisation List (Annex XIV), or restricted by name under Annex XVII, and it has no harmonised CLP Annex VI classification (it remains only in ECHA's registry of CLH intentions). Instead, 'work involving exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust generated by a work process' was added to Annex I of the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive 2004/37/EC by Directive (EU) 2017/2398, with a binding occupational exposure limit value of 0.1 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) set in Annex III. Regulatory — EUR-Lex · ECHA |
| United States | Crystalline silica/quartz is not the subject of a current EPA TSCA risk evaluation or risk-management action (it does not appear on EPA's list of ongoing or completed TSCA risk evaluations); US workplace exposure is instead governed by OSHA's respirable crystalline silica standards (29 CFR 1910.1053 for general industry/maritime and 29 CFR 1926.1153 for construction). Under California Proposition 65, 'Silica, crystalline (airborne particles of respirable size)' has been listed as a chemical known to the State to cause cancer since 1 October 1988 (listing mechanism: State's Qualified Experts). Regulatory — OEHHA · OSHA |
| Canada | The June 2013 Environment Canada / Health Canada screening assessment of quartz (CAS 14808-60-7) and cristobalite (CAS 14464-46-1) — a FINAL assessment — concluded that the substances do NOT meet the criteria in section 64 of CEPA 1999, so crystalline silica is not on the CEPA Schedule 1 List of Toxic Substances. Separately, Health Canada's WHMIS Hazardous Substance Assessment for quartz silica concludes that respirable crystalline silica meets the Hazardous Products Regulations classification criteria for Carcinogenicity – Category 1A; respirable exposure limits are set provincially. Regulatory — Government of Canada |
| Australia | Crystalline silica was assessed by NICNAS/AICIS under the IMAP program (Human Health Tier II), which recommended a GHS carcinogen hazard classification for the respirable fraction. Separately, under the model WHS laws the Commonwealth and all states and territories made it an offence (from 1 July 2024) to carry out work involving the manufacture, supply, processing or installation of engineered stone — defined as an artificial product containing at least 1% crystalline silica (weight/weight) — and engineered stone benchtops, panels and slabs became prohibited imports under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 from 1 January 2025. Regulatory — AICIS · Safe Work Australia |
| United Kingdom | Crystalline silica is not on the GB (UK REACH) Authorisation List by name and is not restricted by name under retained REACH; like the EU, GB regulates it occupationally. Respirable crystalline silica has a Workplace Exposure Limit of 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour TWA) in HSE's EH40/2005 and is treated as a carcinogen under COSHH. Regulatory — HSE · HSENI |
| International | The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), in IARC Monographs Volume 100C (2012). No global treaty (e.g. the Stockholm Convention on POPs or the Minamata Convention on Mercury) applies to crystalline silica. Regulatory — IARC Monographs Vol. 100C |
| Certifications | CertiPUR-US: crystalline silica is not addressed — the program certifies flexible polyurethane foam for content and emissions (made without formaldehyde, mercury/lead/heavy metals, ozone depleters, prohibited phthalates; low VOC emissions below 0.5 ppm) and does not screen for crystalline silica, a mineral dust not characteristic of PU foam. OEKO-TEX Standard 100 and GREENGUARD / GREENGUARD Gold are not cited here and could not be verified against their published criteria; based on their general scope (textile chemical-residue limits and low-VOC chemical-emissions respectively) crystalline silica, a non-volatile mineral particulate, would not be expected to be a listed parameter, but this is not independently confirmed against those schemes' source documents. Industry — CertiPUR-US |
| The 72-hour test window | Missed. Crystalline silica is a non-volatile mineral particulate (the hazard is respirable airborne dust released by abrasion/cutting), not a volatile organic compound, so a short ~72-hour VOC emissions chamber test does not detect it. Inferred — from the compound's volatility/emission profile versus the VOC focus of short chamber tests |
What it is
Crystalline silica is silicon dioxide in its ordered, crystalline form — overwhelmingly quartz, the mineral that makes up most sand and is woven through granite, sandstone, concrete, brick and mortar. In bulk it is completely benign; you can hold a quartz pebble all day. What matters toxicologically is the respirable fraction: particles fine enough (a few micrometres and smaller) to bypass the airway's defenses and lodge in the deep lung. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens Those particles are generated whenever silica-bearing material is mechanically broken — cut, ground, drilled, sanded or blasted.
So silica's story is the inverse of a product residue. The danger is not a substance added to something you own; it is a dust created by an activity, and it exists only while — and shortly after — that activity is happening.
How it relates to the bedroom
A renovation dust, not a product
Silica reaches the home the way asbestos does: through building work. Grinding concrete, cutting tile or pavers, sanding mortar, demolishing masonry, and especially fabricating or installing stone countertops all release respirable silica into indoor air. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens A renovation in or beside a bedroom can briefly turn its air into a dust hazard; a finished tiled floor or installed countertop, sitting undisturbed, releases nothing. The respirable dust is the entire issue, which is why the fix is always about controlling the dust at the moment it is made.
The engineered-stone epidemic
The reason silica has returned to the headlines is a modern material: engineered (or "quartz") stone, the manufactured countertop composite that is more than 90% crystalline silica — far higher than granite's 40–50% or marble's under 10%. Cutting and polishing it has produced an outbreak of accelerated, severe silicosis among fabrication workers worldwide. A California case series of 52 patients — nearly all young immigrant men, median age 45 — found many already at the stage of progressive massive fibrosis, with roughly a fifth of cases fatal and some needing lung transplants. Peer-reviewed — Fazio et al. 2023 That is an occupational tragedy rather than a homeowner risk, but it is the sharpest reminder of what this dust does, and it is exactly the material now sitting in millions of kitchens.
What it does, and how dose drives it
Inhaled over time, respirable crystalline silica causes silicosis — an irreversible, incurable scarring of the lung — together with lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease, and a raised susceptibility to tuberculosis. It is a known human carcinogen, with lung-cancer relative risks of roughly 1.3 to 1.5 overall and 2 to 4 in workers who develop silicosis, and these hold up after accounting for smoking and asbestos. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens The risk is fundamentally a matter of cumulative dose: a systematic review found silicosis risk rising clearly above roughly 1 mg/m³-year of cumulative exposure, with lung-cancer risk concentrated at the highest exposures. Peer-reviewed — Mundt et al. 2025 The practical implication is encouraging: keep the dust out of your lungs and the risk largely goes with it.
What the research says
- Known human carcinogen. Lung cancer; also silicosis, COPD and kidney disease. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens
- Engineered stone drives accelerated silicosis. >90% silica; severe, sometimes fatal disease in young fabrication workers. Peer-reviewed — Fazio et al. 2023
- Risk tracks cumulative dose. Silicosis clearly rises above ~1 mg/m³-year; lung cancer at the highest exposures. Peer-reviewed — Mundt et al. 2025
- Regulated by exposure limit. OSHA PEL 50 µg/m³, action level 25 µg/m³. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens
What helps reduce it
Cut wet, never dry, and ventilate. Water suppression and local exhaust dramatically lower the respirable dust released when working silica materials. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens
Wear a fitted respirator for the dusty task. When cutting or grinding stone, concrete or engineered quartz, a properly fitted respirator is the personal backstop. Peer-reviewed — Fazio et al. 2023
Don't dry-process stone indoors. The worst exposures come from dry hand-tool cutting; ask hired tradespeople how they will control dust. Inferred — dry processing produces the highest documented silica exposures
What does NOT help
- Worrying about a finished countertop. An installed, undisturbed quartz surface is inert; it is the fabrication and cutting that create the hazard. Regulatory — NTP 15th Report on Carcinogens
- A standard air purifier as the "fix" during cutting. Source control (wet methods, exhaust, respirator) is what protects the lungs, not a room filter chasing a dust cloud. Inferred
Open research questions
- Whether intermittent, lower-dose DIY renovation exposures carry meaningful long-term risk versus sustained occupational exposure. Speculation
- How much the very high silica content of engineered stone changes per-task risk compared with natural stone at equal dust levels. Speculation
The Embr Exposure Ledger: Crystalline silica (quartz)
One chemical, several public questions, answered from independent datasets and joined here — the environment it shows up in, the body burden it carries, how it is regulated, and what actually reduces it.
Detection and body-burden figures are occurrence data, not a personal measurement or a health diagnosis. Part of the Embr Exposure Ledger — an open, cross-dataset chemical join (download the data), reusable with attribution.
Citations
- National Toxicology Program, 15th Report on Carcinogens (2021): Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size). Known human carcinogen; lung cancer (RR ~1.3–1.5; 2–4 with silicosis); silicosis, COPD, kidney disease; risks hold controlling for smoking/asbestos; OSHA PEL 50 µg/m³, action level 25 µg/m³; IARC Group 1. NTP / NCBI Bookshelf Regulatory
- Fazio JC, et al. (2023). Silicosis among immigrant engineered stone (quartz) countertop fabrication workers in California. JAMA Internal Medicine. 52-patient case series; engineered stone >90% silica; accelerated severe disease, 19% fatal (median age at death 46), lung transplants. Via Consensus. DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3295 Peer-reviewed
- Mundt KA, et al. (2025). Systematic review of associations between quantified occupational respirable crystalline silica exposure and silicosis and lung cancer. Frontiers in Public Health. Silicosis risk rises clearly above ~1 mg/m³-year cumulative; lung-cancer risk concentrated at highest exposures. Via Consensus. DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1554006 Peer-reviewed
Frequently asked questions
What is crystalline silica?
Crystalline silica is quartz — one of the most common minerals on earth, present in sand, stone, concrete, brick, mortar, and engineered-quartz countertops. The bulk material is harmless to hold. The hazard is the 'respirable' fraction: the ultrafine dust released when silica-containing material is cut, ground, drilled or polished, which is small enough to reach deep into the lungs.
Why is it in a bedroom guide?
Because of renovation. Like asbestos, silica is not in your mattress or your products — it is a dust hazard created by building work. Cutting tile, grinding concrete, sanding mortar, or fabricating and installing stone countertops generates respirable silica dust that can fill the air of a home being worked on. A finished quartz countertop or a tiled floor is not emitting silica; the dust is made when the material is worked.
What does it do to health?
Inhaled over time, respirable crystalline silica causes silicosis — an irreversible, incurable scarring of the lungs — as well as lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, kidney disease and a raised tuberculosis risk. It is classified as a known human carcinogen. A modern wave of severe, accelerated silicosis has appeared among workers who fabricate engineered-stone countertops, which are over 90% silica, some of them young and disabled or dying within years of exposure.
What should I do about it?
Control the dust whenever silica-containing material is worked. The proven measures are wet cutting (water suppression), local exhaust ventilation, and a properly fitted respirator — and never dry-cutting stone, concrete or engineered quartz indoors. If you hire tradespeople for a renovation, dust control is a fair thing to ask about. For a finished, undisturbed surface, there is nothing to do.
Related compounds
Embr is a sleep environment company researching and addressing the chemistry of the bedroom. Research and product development in progress.
Last reviewed 2026-06-27. If you find a factual error, contact us.