At a glance
| Chemical family | Phthalates |
| CAS number | 28553-12-0 |
| IARC classification | Not classified |
| Activated carbon capture | Partial |
| Evidence strength | Moderate |
| Primary audience | Parents, general population |
Regulatory & certification status
Where DINP (Diisononyl Phthalate) stands across the major regulatory systems and the certifications a bedroom product might carry. Each row links to the governing instrument; where a jurisdiction has no specific measure, that is stated plainly rather than left blank.
| European Union | DINP is restricted under REACH Annex XVII entry 52: it must not be used at concentrations greater than 0.1% by mass of the plasticised material in toys and childcare articles that can be placed in the mouth by children. (Entry 52 covers DINP, DIDP and DnOP; the all-toys entry 51 covers DEHP/DBP/BBP, not DINP.) DINP is NOT on the REACH Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern and is not on the Authorisation List (Annex XIV); it is restricted only under Annex XVII. It has no harmonised CLP classification in Annex VI to the CLP Regulation — ECHA's Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) adopted an opinion in 2018 concluding that classification for reproductive toxicity (effects on sexual function/fertility or developmental toxicity) was not warranted. DINP is not listed as an EU persistent organic pollutant. Regulatory — EUR-Lex · REACH Annex XVII consolida |
| United States | Under TSCA, EPA finalized a manufacturer-requested risk evaluation for DINP on 14 January 2025. EPA determined that DINP presents an unreasonable risk of injury to human health driven by certain worker conditions of use (high inhalation exposure from spray application of adhesives, sealants, paints and coatings containing DINP); EPA did not identify risk to consumers, the general population, or the environment that would contribute to the unreasonable risk. EPA must now develop risk-management measures to address the identified worker risk. Separately, DINP is listed under California Proposition 65 as a chemical known to cause cancer, effective 20 December 2013 (listed via the State's Qualified Experts mechanism), with an adopted No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) of 146 µg/day. Regulatory — US EPA · OEHHA |
| Canada | DINP is restricted under the Phthalates Regulations (SOR/2016-188) made under the Canada Consumer Product Safety Act: vinyl in any part of a toy or child-care article that can reasonably be expected to be placed in the mouth of a child under four years of age must not contain more than 1,000 mg/kg (0.1%) DINP. DINP is NOT on Schedule 1 of CEPA (the List of Toxic Substances). Canada's final screening assessment of the Phthalate Substance Grouping (2020) concluded that DINP and the other substances in the grouping do not meet the criteria under section 64 of CEPA; within that grouping only DEHP is on Schedule 1 (it had already been added previously, so no new recommendation was required). Regulatory — Justice Laws Canada · Government of Canada |
| Australia | NICNAS (now AICIS) assessed DINP as a Priority Existing Chemical (PEC Assessment Report No. 35, published September 2012) for use in toys, child-care articles and cosmetics. It concluded that current risk estimates do not indicate a health concern from children's exposure to DINP in toys and child-care articles even under the reasonable worst-case scenario, and it did not recommend new public-health risk-management measures. There are no restrictions on the manufacture, import or use of DINP in Australia. Regulatory — AICIS |
| United Kingdom | Great Britain inherits the EU position via retained law: under UK REACH, DINP remains restricted under Annex XVII entry 52 (not more than 0.1% by mass of the plasticised material in toys and childcare articles that can be placed in the mouth by children), administered by HSE. DINP has no GB mandatory (harmonised) classification, mirroring the EU outcome. (Sources are HSE's general restrictions guidance and an industry summary rather than a GB primary instrument naming DINP, so this is reported conservatively.) Regulatory — HSE · SATRA |
| Certifications | CertiPUR-US: certified flexible polyurethane foam must not contain phthalates regulated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The CPSC's permanent rule (16 CFR Part 1307) prohibits eight phthalates above 0.1% in children's toys and child-care articles — DEHP, DBP, BBP, DINP, DIBP, DPENP (di-n-pentyl), DHEXP (di-n-hexyl) and DCHP — so DINP falls within the CertiPUR-US prohibition (the CertiPUR-US page itself references the CPSC list rather than naming DINP). OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100: DINP is among the phthalates screened/restricted in certified textiles, with limit values that are stricter for baby articles (the named list and numeric limits are in OEKO-TEX's downloadable annex, not the summary page). GREENGUARD / GREENGUARD Gold is a low-VOC chemical-emissions certification; as a heavy, essentially non-volatile plasticizer, DINP is not a target analyte of that emissions testing (analytical inference, not stated in the cert criteria). Industry — CPSC · CertiPUR-US |
| The 72-hour test window | Largely missed. DINP is a high-molecular-weight, essentially non-volatile SVOC plasticizer that migrates out of PVC and partitions into house dust rather than off-gassing, so a short (~72-hour) VOC emissions chamber test does not reliably capture it; dust or material-content (extraction) analysis is required instead. Inferred — from the compound's volatility/emission profile versus the VOC focus of short chamber tests |
What it is
DINP — diisononyl phthalate, CAS 28553-12-0 — became the dominant replacement for DEHP in flexible PVC products after DEHP was restricted in children's products in the US (2008) and listed as a Substance of Very High Concern in the EU. DINP accounts for approximately 50% of all phthalate plasticizer use globally.
Where you encounter it
DINP is widely used in flexible PVC products including flooring, wall coverings, automotive interiors, garden hoses, cables, and vinyl mattress covers and crib mattress laminates. It's the plasticizer most likely to be present in a modern non-children's vinyl product.
Why it matters for sleep environments
DINP's higher molecular weight makes it slightly less volatile than DEHP — but it still migrates out of PVC matrices over time, particularly at elevated temperatures. Body heat accelerates migration. House dust biomonitoring routinely detects DINP at concentrations comparable to DEHP in newer products. The US CPSC restricts DINP at 0.1% by weight in children's toys that can be placed in the mouth (15 USC 2057c). Peer-reviewed — federal regulation The National Academies' 2008 report identified continuing developmental and reproductive concerns at higher exposure levels.
Related compounds
This is a preview of an Atlas entry under development. Last reviewed 2026-05-19. If you find a factual error, contact us.